方法说明

本页解释「我到底有多穷?」背后的数据来源、模型与假设。目标是完全透明 — 工具中出现的每个数字都可以追溯到来源与计算方法。

财富分布数据

财富份额数据来自 World Inequality Database,该数据库为数十个国家发布分布式国民账户(DINA)。这些账户把国家财富划分为以下群体:

  • 底部 50% 按净资产排序处于下半部分的人群
  • 中间 40% 第 50 到第 90 百分位,常被称作「中产阶层」
  • 前 10% 最富的十分之一,多数国家这部分人占总财富的 60–80%
  • 前 1% 前 10% 的子集,通常占总财富的 25–40%

这些份额构成了把你定位到分布中的边界点。某国边界数据越细,最终百分位就越精确。

由收入估算财富

大多数人知道自己的收入,但不知道净资产。为弥合这一缺口,工具使用 包含 18 个因子的估算模型,依据人口与财务特征调整收入对财富的比例:

  • 年龄段(年轻人通常财富/收入比更低)
  • 学历(高学历与终身收入及储蓄正相关)
  • 就业形态(个体经营 vs. 受雇,公部门 vs. 私部门)
  • 储蓄率与投资行为
  • 是否拥有房产及房贷状态
  • 未偿债务(学贷、消费贷)

每个因子都会缩小不确定区间。未填任何因子时,模型大约有 ±70% 的散布;填完 18 个因子时,不确定性降至约 ±10%。工具会与估算的百分位一并展示置信区间。

百分位的计算

在估算出净资产后,工具采用 分段线性插值,在已知的财富份额边界之间为你定位。例如,若底部 50% 占总财富的 5%、中间 40% 占 35%,则你处于这两个边界之间的位置按线性插值得出。这是一种近似 — 真实分布并不是严格线性的 — 但在已有数据下能给出合理估计。

亿万富豪对比

「要多久?」模式使用 Forbes 实时亿万富豪榜 列表,构建时为各国最富的人打包好净资产数值。

「需要多少年」是有意为之的简单算法:把亿万富豪的净资产除以你的年收入,不考虑利息、复利、税收或通货膨胀。这是有意的 — 重点不是理财规划,而是让差距「可感」。当答案是「400 万年」时,是否考虑 7% 的年化收益其实无关紧要。

税率数据来源

按财富层级划分的有效税率来自学术研究与政府统计。和财富分布数据不同,它没有统一的 API,需根据下面的公开来源逐一手工维护。

CountrySourceYear
🇦🇺AustraliaATO Taxation Statistics; Leigh (2009, updated); Grattan Institute distributional analysis2022
🇦🇹AustriaStatistik Austria, Integrierte Lohn- und Einkommensteuerstatistik (integrated wage and income tax statistics). Social contributions ~18% employee share, capped. Flat 27.5% KESt on capital income reduces effective rates for top brackets. Sub-percentile rates estimated from capital income concentration data.2023
🇧🇪BelgiumStatbel fiscal income statistics (decile distribution of net taxable income, total tax, and average tax rate, income year 2023). Very high social contributions (~13% employee). No general capital gains tax; 30% withholding on dividends. Sub-percentile rates estimated from OECD/WID capital income concentration.2023
🇧🇷BrazilReceita Federal; Morgan (2017), WID.world; Gobetti & Orair (2017)2021
🇨🇦CanadaStatistics Canada; PBO Distributional Analysis 2023; OECD Tax Database 20242022
🇨🇱ChileSII (Servicio de Impuestos Internos) bracket data; WID.world Chile distributional accounts; López & Figueroa (Harvard CID). Highly regressive due to 19% IVA consumption tax burden on lower incomes and favourable capital income treatment. Top 1% earn ~25% of pre-tax income (WID). Sub-percentile effective rates estimated.2024
🇩🇰DenmarkDanish Ministry of Taxation; OECD Tax Database 2024; WID.world Denmark series2022
🇫🇮FinlandStatistics Finland income distribution statistics; Verohallinto public tax data. Finland's dual income tax system: progressive earned income tax up to ~51.4%, flat 30–34% capital income tax. Sub-percentile rates estimated from capital vs labour income shares. OECD Taxing Wages 2025: average net tax rate 30.3%.2023
🇫🇷FranceLandais, Saez & Zucman (2020); WID.world France series; EU Tax Observatory (2024)2022
🇩🇪GermanyBach, Beznoska & Steiner (2020), DIW Berlin; Bundesfinanzministerium Datensammlung; OECD 20242021
🇮🇪IrelandRevenue Commissioners income tax distribution tables; CSO Ireland's Tax Statistics 2024; Social Justice Ireland effective rate analysis (10.3% at €25K, 39.0% at €120K). Top rate = 40% income tax + 8% USC. Top 1% (>€203K) pay ~19% of personal tax. Entrepreneur relief (10% CGT) benefits top brackets.2024
🇮🇹ItalyMinistero dell'Economia; Acciari & Morelli (2023); EU Tax Observatory (2024)2022
🇯🇵JapanNational Tax Agency statistics; Moriguchi & Saez (2008, updated); OECD Tax Database 20242022
🇳🇿New ZealandNZ Inland Revenue, High-Wealth Individuals Research Project (April 2023): median effective rate of 8.9% for 311 high-wealth individuals on economic income incl. unrealised gains, vs 20.2% for middle NZ. Lower brackets from NZ Treasury distributional analysis. No general capital gains tax.2023
🇳🇴NorwayAlstadsæter, Johannesen & Zucman (2019); SSB tax statistics; WID.world Norway series2021
🇿🇦South AfricaSARS Tax Statistics; Chatterjee, Czajka & Gethin (2022), WID.world; National Treasury2021
🇪🇸SpainAgencia Tributaria; Alvaredo & Saez (2009, updated); EU Tax Observatory (2024)2022
🇸🇪SwedenWaldenström (2020), IFN Stockholm; SCB tax statistics; WID.world Sweden series2021
🇨🇭SwitzerlandSwiss Federal Tax Administration; Brülhart et al. (2022); OECD Tax Database 20242022
🇳🇱The NetherlandsCPB Netherlands Bureau; CBS income statistics; EU Tax Observatory (2024)2022
🇬🇧United KingdomAdvani, Chamberlain & Summers (2023); HMRC Survey of Personal Incomes; ONS household data2022
🇺🇸United StatesSaez & Zucman (2019), The Triumph of Injustice; updated with IRS microdata through 20182018

Effective tax rates include all taxes: income, payroll, corporate (allocated to shareholders), property, estate, and consumption taxes, divided by total pre-tax economic income. Sources combine academic research, government tax statistics, and the EU Tax Observatory Global Tax Evasion Report (2024). Tax rate data is not API-fetchable and is maintained manually from published government statistics and academic papers.

局限性

  • 顶端财富低估 基于调查的财富数据系统性低估超富裕人群,他们在家庭调查中代表性不足。WID 用税务数据部分修正,但仍存在缺口。
  • 自报收入偏差 用户自填收入,可能未涵盖全部薪酬(奖金、股权、未实现收益)。
  • 国别注意事项 各国数据质量不同:一些有详尽税务型财富数据,另一些只能依赖误差更大的调查估计。
  • 模型为近似 18 因子收入-财富模型是统计近似,不是个人化财务建议。个人情况可能与人口平均值差异显著。

数据时效性

所有数据在构建时打包并以静态形式提供 — 你使用工具时不会有任何外部 API 调用。一个抓取脚本(scripts/fetch-all-data.mjs)从以下来源拉取数据:

  • WID.world API 财富份额、收入份额、平均/中位数财富、基尼系数
  • 世界银行 API 人口(SP.POP.TOTL)
  • ECB / Frankfurter API 用于货币换算的汇率
  • Forbes RTB API 亿万富豪的净资产数据
  • OECD / FRED 工资、CPI、房价指数

税率数据是例外 — 它来自学术论文,由人工维护并附上完整引用(见上方表格)。